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Quantum Correlations of Ideal Bose and Fermi Gases in the Canonical Ensemble

机译:典型玻璃中理想玻色和费米气体的量子关联   合奏

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摘要

We derive an expression for the reduced density matrices of ideal Bose andFermi gases in the canonical ensemble, which corresponds to the Bloch--DeDominicis (or Wick's) theorem in the grand canonical ensemble fornormal-ordered products of operators. Using this expression, we study one- andtwo-body correlations of homogeneous ideal gases with $N$ particles. The pairdistribution function $g^{(2)}(r)$ of fermions clearly exhibits antibunchingwith $g^{(2)}(0)=0$ due to the Pauli exclusion principle at all temperatures,whereas that of normal bosons shows bunching with $g^{(2)}(0)\approx 2$,corresponding to the Hanbury Brown--Twiss effect. For bosons below theBose--Einstein condensation temperature $T_0$, an off-diagonal long-range orderdevelops in the one-particle density matrix to reach $g^{(1)}(r)=1$ at $T=0$,and the pair correlation starts to decrease towards $g^{(2)}(r)\approx 1$ at$T=0$. The results for $N\rightarrow \infty$ are seen to converge to those ofthe grand canonical ensemble obtained by assuming the average$\langle\hat\psi({\bf r})\rangle$ of the field operator $\hat\psi({\bf r})$below $T_0$. This fact justifies the introduction of the "anomalous" average$\langle\hat\psi({\bf r})\rangle\neq 0$ below $T_0$ in the grand canonicalensemble as a mathematical means of removing unphysical particle-numberfluctuations to reproduce the canonical results in the thermodynamic limit.
机译:我们推导了规范集合中理想Bose和Fermi气体的密度降低矩阵的表达式,该表达式对应于正则算子的大规范集合中的Bloch-DeDominicis(或Wick's)定理。使用该表达式,我们研究了具有$ N $粒子的均匀理想气体的一体和两体相关性。由于在所有温度下的保利排除原理,费米子的成对分布函数$ g ^ {(2)}(r)$显然表现出与$ g ^ {(2)}(0)= 0 $的反聚束,而正常玻色子的分布表明与$ g ^ {(2)}(0)\约2 $捆绑在一起,对应于汉伯里·布朗-特维斯效应。对于玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚温度低于$ T_0 $的玻色子,在单粒子密度矩阵中会形成对角远距离的阶,从而在$ T = 0 $时达到$ g ^ {(1)}(r)= 1 $。 ,对的相关性开始向$ g ^ {(2)}(r)\约1 $下降,而$ T = 0 $。假设$ N \ rightarrow \ infty $的结果收敛于假定字段运算符$ \ hat \的平均$ \ langle \ hat \ psi({\ bf r})\ rangle $的平均正则集合的结果psi({\ bf r})$低于$ T_0 $。这个事实证明在大规范镜头组中引入低于$ T_0 $的“异常”平均$ \ langle \ hat \ psi({\ bf r})\ rangle \ neq 0 $作为消除非物理粒子数波动的数学方法是合理的。重现热力学极限的规范结果。

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